How can I prevent Lyme disease? Is there a vaccine for Lyme disease?

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a vector-borne disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, which are spread by ticks in the genus Ixodes.

The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash, known as erythema migrans (EM), which appears at the site of the tick bite about a week afterward.

The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 70–80% of infected people develop a rash. Early diagnosis can be difficult. Other early symptoms may include fever, headaches, and tiredness. If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face, joint pains, severe headaches with neck stiffness, or heart palpitations.

Months to years later, repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur. Occasionally, shooting pains or tingling in the arms and legs may develop. Despite appropriate treatment, about 10 to 20% of those affected develop joint pains, memory problems, and tiredness for at least six months.

Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected ticks of the genus Ixodes. In the United States, ticks of concern are usually of the Ixodes scapularis type. “In most cases, a tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours or more before the Lyme disease bacterium can be transmitted.

If you remove a tick quickly (within 24 hours), you can greatly reduce your chances of getting Lyme disease.” In Europe, Ixodes ricinus ticks may spread the bacteria more quickly.

Prevention includes efforts to prevent tick bites by wearing clothing to cover the arms and legs and using DEET or picaridin-based insect repellents.

As of 2023 clinical trials of proposed human vaccines for Lyme disease were being carried out, but no vaccine was available. A vaccine, LYMERix, was produced, but discontinued in 2002 due to insufficient demand. There are several vaccines for the prevention of Lyme disease in dogs.

How can I prevent Lyme disease?

Wear long-sleeved shirts and closed shoes when in tick-infested areas. Use insect repellent to significantly reduce the chance of tick bites and the transmission of Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases. DEET is the primary active ingredient in most tick repellents and is considered the most effective.

Is there a vaccine for Lyme disease?

A vaccine for Lyme disease is not currently available. The only vaccine previously marketed in the United States, LYMERix®, was discontinued by the manufacturer in 2002, citing insufficient consumer demand. The protection provided by this vaccine decreases over time.