What did Marie-Louise Duchess of Parma do?

Marie Louise, I was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death.

She was Napoleon’s second wife and as such Empress of the French and Queen of Italy from their marriage on 1 April 1810 until his abdication on 6 April 1814.

Napoleon Bonaparte and his second wife Marie Louise, the “good Louise” to whom he writes about their son in Napoleon in America, had three of them.

What did Marie-Louise Duchess of Parma do?

The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau handed over the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Empress Marie Louise. She ruled the duchies until her death.

Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon’s death in 1821.

Napoleon abdicated the throne on 11 April 1814 in Fontainebleau.

The Treaty of Fontainebleau exiled him to Elba, allowed Marie Louise to retain her imperial rank and style, and made her ruler of the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, with her son as heir.